Older linoleum flooring can smell
An employee complained about a noticeable odor in the office
A small office space in the attic was fitted with linoleum flooring that was over ten years old. Shortly after spending time in the room, a new employee complained of headaches and a scratchy throat. For this reason, we wanted to examine the characteristics of the flooring more closely: Linoleum is often used as an alternative to synthetic flooring. Its components are natural materials like linseed oil, cork or wood flour, limestone powder, and resins. Newly installed linoleum can develop a characteristic odor due to the outgassing of residual substances. These volatile organic compounds, or VOCs, release in low concentrations over several weeks and are essentially vented off after that. However, as the flooring ages, additional odors can develop.
Chemical Processes and Decomposition of Certain Ingredients
As mentioned above, linoleum largely consists of linseed oil, also called “linoxyn” when polymerized. Over time, linseed oil can oxidize, especially with prolonged exposure to oxygen and UV radiation. This oxidation leads to the release of volatile compounds that can cause a distinctive, slightly rancid or resinous smell. This odor often resembles that of old or poorly ventilated spaces. Linoleum also contains natural resins that contribute to the material’s flexibility and durability. Over time, these resins can undergo chemical changes, releasing volatile compounds that also produce a musty or old-fashioned smell.
Terpenes and Plasticizers
Some of the resins and oils in linoleum, such as tree resin (also known as colophony), contain terpenes. Terpenes are aromatic compounds also found in trees like pines. As the material ages, terpenes may be slowly released, leading to a stronger, “old-fashioned” scent reminiscent of forest or resin odors. Some older linoleum floors may contain small amounts of plasticizers to keep the material flexible. These plasticizers break down over time through chemical reactions, resulting in the formation of odor compounds. However, linoleum floors rely far less on synthetic plasticizers than vinyl floors, as they primarily consist of natural raw materials.
Decomposition of Additives Combined with Oxidation of Natural Resins
Linoleum contains fillers like cork or wood flour and limestone powder. These materials can chemically and physically age over time, potentially affecting the material’s stability. Although they don’t smell strongly themselves, they can contribute to increased odor in combination with the oxidation of linseed oil and natural resins.
Impact of Moisture and Mold on Odor Formation
When moisture or water penetrates older linoleum, it can trigger chemical processes that lead to odor formation. Moisture may accelerate the decomposition of organic materials like linseed oil or cork flour, contributing to a musty smell. If linoleum is exposed to moisture over an extended period, there’s a risk of mold development, especially on the underside of the flooring or in the subfloor area. Mold often produces a damp, musty odor that can be mistaken for the smell of aging flooring